Species diversity and stability of natural secondary communities with different cutting intensities after ten years

Species diversity and stability of natural secondary communities in different layers with different cutting intensities 10 years later were investigated by calculating Marglef Richness index (R), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson diversity index (P), and Pielou Evenness index (J). Results show that the values of R, H and P among different layers are listed in a decreasing order: the shrub layer > the arbor layer > the herb layer, all the three indices values reach the maximum under medium selective cutting intensity after 10 years. The J value of the shrub layer shows a concave parabolic change with the increase in cutting intensity; it shows a linear increase for the arbor layer, whereas the J value of the herb layer shows an opposite change pattern. The values of R at different cutting intensities had high significant difference, but other indices had not significant difference. The stability of communities at different cutting intensities after 10 years is non-cutting> low selective cutting intensity > medium selective cutting intensity > high selective cutting intensity > extra-high intensity > clear cutting. The stability of communities at different cutting intensities after 10 years shows that the greater cutting intensities, the worse the stability is.     

放牧季节及放牧强度对高寒草地植物多样性的影响

在海北高寒草地进行了7年轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧试验,并用围栏控制放牧进行对照.试验显示,物种丰富度和均匀度在夏季牧场和冬季牧场出现不同的变化.在夏季牧场,物种丰富度随着放牧强度的增强而增强,而均匀度则随着放牧强度的增强而下降;在冬季牧场,物种丰富度和放牧之间呈现驼峰反应模式,说明植物的丰富度在中度放牧强度时达到最大.不同牧场生物多样性变化的模式说明夏季牧场放牧强度不足.     

黄土丘陵区不同降雨强度对农地土壤侵蚀的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法，对仪器自身性能进行了测试，并分设5种不同的降雨强度分别研究半干旱区林地、草地、人工草地和耕地的产流产沙特征。模拟天然降雨最大雨强5．05mm／min，雨量118．2～300．3mm／h；雨滴落地速度、雨滴动能等降雨特征值与天然降雨特征值是一致的；不同立地条件下径流量、侵蚀模数随雨强的增加而增加，并与降雨强度呈指数函数或幂函数关系。     

高压脉冲电场对石榴汁杀菌的研究

该文研究了高压脉冲电场(PEF)对石榴汁的杀菌效果和对石榴汁的理化性质的影响。结果表明，电场强度和处理时间是影响PEF杀菌效果的主要因素。在频率为100 Hz时，当电场强度达到35 kV/cm，处理时间达到200 μs时，石榴汁中接种的大肠杆菌、酵母菌和霉菌的数量分别下降3.62、2.34、0.74个lg值，处理过程中样品温度≤18℃，霉菌对PEF的抵抗力最强。当处理频率增加为333 Hz，电场强度为35 kV/cm，处理时间为200 μs时，霉菌数量的下降增加到1.82个lg值，此时处理温度(处理腔内温度)提高到50℃。经PEF处理的石榴汁的理化性质基本不发生改变。     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响

选用黄土高原地区的安塞黄绵土、绥德黄绵土、杨陵粘黄土、杨陵农地耕层土进行人工降雨溅蚀试验 ,研究了降雨特性和土壤结构对雨滴溅蚀的影响。结果表明 :土壤溅蚀量与降雨强度相关关系的最佳函数为指数函数 ;将降雨动能与雨滴中数直径的乘积 ( Ed50 )定义为降雨溅蚀力 ,降雨溅蚀力与溅蚀量呈线性相关关系。降雨溅蚀力是降雨潜在溅蚀能力的反映 ,对溅蚀降雨侵蚀力因子的研究有一定参考价值 ;溅蚀总量随降雨历时的增加而增加 ,而溅蚀率则随降雨历时的增加而减小 ,其变化过程可用幂函数描述 ;原状土的溅蚀量仅为其扰动土溅蚀量的2 2 %～ 3 0 % ,随降雨强度增大 ,雨滴打击力对土壤结构的破坏作用增强 ,使原状土与扰动土溅蚀量间的差异缩小。     

若干阔叶树树冠各层叶气孔密度及光照条件对气孔密度的影响

４０种阔叶树树冠的外、中、内层同龄叶中，均以外层叶的气孔密度最高，其次为中层叶，内层叶气孔密度最低。新银合欢和马尖相思幼苗在高光照强度下所形成的叶气孔密度最高，中等光照者次之，低光照者最低。在蓝光照射下形成的叶气孔密度最高，其次为红光照射者，自然漫射光下最低。这说明光照强度和光波长对气孔密度有深刻影响。     

堆渣边坡生态棒护坡措施的水土保持效益

[目的]探究堆渣边坡生态棒防护措施的综合防护效果,为露天采石场裸露边坡的生态修复提供依据。[方法]利用人工降雨模拟试验,收集不同降雨强度下地表层和矿渣层的产流量、产沙量,并建立综合贡献度模型。[结果]随着坡度的增加地表层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递增趋势,而矿渣层的径流总量和泥沙总量呈递减趋势,与径流总量相比泥沙总量变化趋势不明显;对照组与生态棒防护措施下,地表层的产流—产沙相关性均高于矿渣层;当降雨强度为30和120mm/h时,生态棒防护边坡在坡度为15°时具有较佳的防护效果,当降雨强度为60mm/h时,径流量和泥沙量受坡度变化的影响不显著。[结论]生态棒防护措施具有拦蓄坡面径流和泥沙的功能,与对照组相比可以更有效地防治坡面水土流失。     

黄土高原全新世以来土壤侵蚀强度的定量分析初探

黄土高原全新世以来可划分出5个侵蚀阶段,其起始年龄分别为11,7.0,0.7,0.3,0.15kaBP。根据高原现代河流沉积物的粒度组成、河流输沙量、径流量和年降水量等数据建立了各个指标的回归方程。根据各方程和全新世不同时期阶地沉积物的实测数据,计算了各个阶段的平均古侵蚀强度和流域输沙量。结果表明,不同时期水土流失的主要控制因素是不同的:在11000～7000aBP时期以构造活动因素为主,在7000～2000aBP期间以气候因素为主,在2000～700aBP和300aBP以来以人为活动因素为主,而在700～300aBP是构造活动、气候变迁和人类活动的共同作用因素。自然因素的突变作用一般大于人类活动的作用,而现代人类活动的加剧程度大约是自然侵蚀强度的45.5%。